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Plain guides to the parts we sell: what each one is, what it does, where it is used and how to choose the right one. Written for TV repair shops, engineers, students and anyone fixing or building electronics in Pakistan, and for customers worldwide who buy our TV firmware and IPTV online.
TV Parts and TV Repair
From the team that built Pakistan's first TV backlight catalogue and put all TV repair support on one platform: backlight strips, motherboards, remotes, LVDS cables, backlight drivers, Android TV boxes, and TV firmware downloads for technicians worldwide.
LED TV Backlight Strips: Symptoms, Types and How to Choose the Right Replacement in Pakistan
TV has sound but no picture? Learn how LED TV backlight strips work, the signs of a failed backlight, 3V vs 6V LEDs, and how to match the exact replacement strip for Samsung, LG, TCL, Haier and more.
6 min readRead guide
TV Motherboards Explained: Combo Boards, Universal Boards and Google TV Boards for LED TVs
What a TV motherboard does, the signs of a dead main board, and how to choose a universal LED TV board, a V56 combo board or an Android and Google TV board by panel size, resolution and backlight voltage.
4 min readRead guide
TV Remote Replacement Guide: How to Find the Right Remote for LED TVs, Android Boxes and Receivers
Lost or broken TV remote? How to match a replacement remote for Samsung, LG, Haier, TCL, Sony, Ecostar, Orient and Nobel LED TVs, smart TVs, Android boxes and satellite receivers by photo and model.
3 min readRead guide
TV Repair Accessories: LVDS Cables, Universal LED Backlight Driver Boards and 2K to 4K Converters
A repairer's guide to LVDS cables (30 pin and 51 pin, 1ch and 2ch), universal constant current LED backlight inverter boards like CA-188, CA-288 and CA-399, T-con converters and keypads for LED TV repair.
3 min readRead guide
Android TV Box Buying Guide: Turn Any TV into a Smart TV in Pakistan
How an Android TV box turns any LED or LCD TV with HDMI into a smart TV with YouTube, Netflix and IPTV. What RAM, storage, WiFi and 4K support to look for before you buy an Android box in Pakistan.
3 min readRead guide
TV Software and Firmware Download: Find and Install the Right Firmware for Your LED TV Board, Worldwide
Download tested LED TV software and firmware for universal and smart TV boards from anywhere in the world. Find your board number, panel resolution and RAM, pay with PayPal or card, and install with a USB stick.
4 min readRead guide
TV Speakers: How to Fix No Sound, Crackling or Distorted Audio on an LED TV
Crackling, buzzing or no sound from your LED TV? Learn how TV speakers work, how to test them, and how to match a replacement TV speaker by impedance, wattage, size and connector.
2 min readRead guide
IPTV and Subscriptions
How IPTV works on a smart TV, Android box or phone, and how to pick a package, for viewers in Pakistan and around the world.
IPTV Subscription Guide: Watch 21,000+ Live Channels on Android TV, Box or Phone, in Pakistan and Worldwide
Buy IPTV in Pakistan or anywhere in the world: 21,000+ live channels and 80,000+ movies and series in HD and 4K. How it works, which devices it runs on, and how to pay by PayPal, card or Easypaisa.
3 min readRead guide
Streaming Subscriptions in Pakistan: Netflix, YouTube Premium and IPTV for Your TV, Box or Phone
How streaming subscriptions work on a smart TV, Android box or phone in Pakistan, how to choose the right plan by duration, devices and video quality, and how to pay online and receive your login on WhatsApp.
1 min readRead guide
Arduino, Sensors and Modules
Arduino boards, sensor modules, relay modules, Bluetooth modules and laser modules for students, hobbyists and engineers in Pakistan.
Arduino Uno vs Arduino Nano: Which Arduino Board Should You Buy for Your Project in Pakistan?
Arduino Uno R3 or Arduino Nano V3? Compare pins, size, USB and power, see what each board is used for in student projects, robotics and home automation, and how to get started with Arduino in Pakistan.
2 min readRead guide
Arduino Sensor Modules Explained: Ultrasonic, PIR, Gas, Flame, Sound, Soil Moisture and More
What each popular Arduino sensor module does and where it is used: HC-SR04 ultrasonic, HC-SR501 PIR motion, MQ-2 gas, KY-026 flame, KY-038 sound, soil moisture, water level, IR obstacle and touch sensors.
2 min readRead guide
Relay Modules Explained: How to Switch Lights, Fans and Pumps with Arduino Safely
How a 5V relay module lets an Arduino, ESP32 or Raspberry Pi switch lights, fans, pumps and other mains appliances. Channels, active low triggers, optocoupler isolation, contact ratings and safe wiring.
2 min readRead guide
HC-05 Bluetooth Module Guide: Control Arduino Projects from Your Phone
How the HC-05 Bluetooth module connects an Arduino to an Android phone. Wiring, the 3.3V RX pin, master and slave modes, AT commands, and project ideas like Bluetooth cars and home automation.
1 min readRead guide
5V Laser Diode Modules: Uses in Arduino Projects, Security Alarms and Alignment
What a 5V red laser diode module is, how to use it with Arduino, and where it is used: laser tripwire security alarms, alignment, pointers and science projects. Plus laser safety tips.
1 min readRead guide
Power Modules
Buck and boost converters, lithium battery chargers, AC dimmers and DC motor speed controllers.
TP4056 and Lithium Battery Charger Modules: How to Charge 18650 Cells Safely in DIY Projects
How the TP4056 1A lithium charger module and charger plus boost modules charge 3.7V 18650 and Li-ion cells safely. Wiring, protection, boost to 5V, and uses in power banks, torches and Arduino projects.
2 min readRead guide
DC to DC Converters Explained: Buck (Step Down) and Boost (Step Up) Modules for Solar, Car and DIY Power
What a DC to DC buck converter and boost converter do, how to pick by input voltage, output voltage, current and wattage, and where they are used: solar systems, car electronics, LED lighting, laptops and battery projects.
2 min readRead guide
AC Dimmers and DC PWM Speed Controllers: Control Fan Speed, Motor Speed and Heater Power
How a 2000W AC dimmer (SCR voltage regulator) and a DC PWM motor speed controller work, what loads they suit, and how to use them for fans, drills, heaters, pumps, LED strips and DC motors.
2 min readRead guide
Audio Boards
Class D amplifier boards and Bluetooth audio receivers for speakers, cars and DIY sound systems.
Class D Amplifier Boards Guide: TPA3116, TPA3118, TPA3110 and PAM8403 for DIY Speakers
Choose the right amplifier board for your speakers: TPA3116D2, TPA3118, TPA3110 and PAM8403 class D boards compared by power, channels, supply voltage and Bluetooth. Build a home, car or subwoofer sound system.
2 min readRead guide
Bluetooth Audio Receiver Modules: Make Any Speaker, Car Stereo or Amplifier Wireless
How a Bluetooth 5.0 audio receiver module makes an old speaker, car stereo or amplifier wireless. Wiring to 5V, connecting to an amplifier board, and choosing between modules like the CA6965 and HW-770.
1 min readRead guide
Motors and Motor Drivers
Servo motors, DC gear motors and motor driver modules for robots and automation projects.
SG90 Servo Motor vs DC Gear Motor: Which Motor Does Your Robot or Arduino Project Need?
The difference between an SG90 micro servo and a DC gear motor, how each is controlled from an Arduino, and which suits robot cars, robotic arms, door locks, solar trackers and student projects.
2 min readRead guide
L298N Motor Driver Module Guide: Control Two DC Motors or a Stepper with Arduino
How the L298N dual H bridge motor driver controls the speed and direction of two DC motors or one stepper motor from an Arduino. Pins, wiring, the 5V regulator jumper and robot car projects.
2 min readRead guide
ICs and Transistors
TV ICs, power supply ICs, MOSFETs, IGBTs, transistors, voltage regulators, op amps, optocouplers and more: what each part does, where it is used and how to find a replacement.
TV ICs Explained: Vertical Deflection, Signal Processor and T-Con ICs for CRT and LED TV Repair
A TV technician's guide to TV ICs: vertical deflection ICs (LA78141, STV9302, TDA8357), one chip signal processors (TDA8842), T-con ICs for LED panels, and how to diagnose and replace them.
2 min readRead guide
SMPS and Power Supply ICs: UC3842, TL494, SG3525, VIPer22A, TOP247 and PFC Controllers Explained
How SMPS power supply ICs work and where they are used: UC3842 and UC3843 PWM controllers, TL494 and SG3525 for inverters and UPS, VIPer, TOP, TNY and STR power switches in TVs and chargers, and PFC controllers.
2 min readRead guide
Power MOSFETs Explained: IRFZ44N, IRF3205, IRF540 and IRF840 for Inverters, UPS and SMPS
What a power MOSFET does, N channel vs P channel, and how to choose by voltage, current and on resistance. Where IRFZ44N, IRF3205, IRF540 and IRF840 are used in inverters, UPS, motor controllers and power supplies.
2 min readRead guide
IGBTs Explained: FGA25N120, H20R1203 and G40N60 for Induction Cookers, Welding Machines and Inverters
What an IGBT is, how it differs from a MOSFET, and where IGBTs like FGA25N120, H20R1203, G40N60 and K40T60 are used: induction cookers, welding machines, solar inverters, UPS and plasma TV boards.
2 min readRead guide
Transistors Explained: NPN, PNP and Darlington Transistors from BC547 to 2SC5200 and 13009
How NPN, PNP and Darlington transistors work and where popular numbers are used: BC547 and 2N2222 for small signals, TIP122 for switching, 2SC5200 and 2SA1943 audio pairs, 13009 in SMPS and BU4522 in CRT TVs.
2 min readRead guide
Audio Amplifier ICs Explained: TDA7294, TDA2030, TDA7388, STK Modules and Class D Chips
Where popular audio amplifier ICs are used and how to replace them: TDA7294 and TDA2030 for home amplifiers, TDA7388 and TDA7377 for car stereos, STK hybrid modules for hi fi systems, and TPA class D chips.
2 min readRead guide
Voltage Regulators Explained: 7805, 7812, LM317, AMS1117, LM2596 and TL431
How linear and switching voltage regulators work and which to use: 78xx and 79xx fixed regulators, the adjustable LM317, the AMS1117 LDO for 3.3V, the LM2596 buck regulator and the TL431 reference.
2 min readRead guide
Optocouplers Explained: PC817, 4N35, MOC3021, 6N137 and TLP250 and Where Each One Is Used
What an optocoupler does and how to choose one: PC817 and 4N35 transistor output types for SMPS feedback, MOC3021 triac drivers for AC switching, 6N137 high speed couplers and TLP250 gate drivers.
2 min readRead guide
Triacs and Thyristors (SCRs) Explained: BT136, BT139, BTA16 and BT151 for Fans, Dimmers and AC Control
How triacs and SCR thyristors switch AC power, and where BT136, BT139, BTA16, BTA12 and BT151 are used: fan regulators, light dimmers, heaters, motor speed control, stabilisers and solid state relays.
2 min readRead guide
Driver and Interface ICs Explained: ULN2003, ULN2803, IR2110, L298N and MAX232
Where driver and interface ICs are used: ULN2003 and ULN2803 darlington arrays for relays and stepper motors, IR2110 and IR2104 gate drivers for inverters, L298N motor drivers and MAX232 for RS232 serial.
2 min readRead guide
EEPROM, SPI Flash and Microcontroller ICs: 24C02, 25Q64, 93C46 and PIC16F676 in TV and Electronics Repair
What 24C series EEPROMs, 25Q SPI flash chips, 93C46 memories and PIC microcontrollers do in LED TVs, receivers, cars and UPS units, and how technicians replace and program them.
2 min readRead guide
Op Amps and Comparators Explained: LM358, NE5532, TL072, 4558, LM393 and LM339
What op amps and comparators do and which to pick: LM358 for single supply sensors, NE5532 and TL072 for audio preamps, 4558 in amplifier tone stages, and LM393 and LM339 comparators in sensor modules and protection circuits.
2 min readRead guide
Logic ICs and Timers Explained: NE555, CD4017, 74HC595, CD4060 and the 4000 and 74 Series
What the NE555 timer, CD4017 decade counter, 74HC595 shift register, CD4060 oscillator and CMOS 4000 and 74 series logic gates do, with classic projects like LED chasers, flashers, timers and inverters.
2 min readRead guide